인도 불탑

■ 책 소개

불교가 뿌리내린 기원의 땅 인도,

현지답사를 통해 생생하게 기록한 인도 불탑의 모든 것

‘탑’은 붓다를 가리키는 상징적 조형물이자 붓다에 대한 존경심과 깊은 신앙으로 쌓아 올린 하나의 ‘문화’이다. 특히나 불교 신자에게는 신앙생활에서 빼놓을 수 없는 중추적인 존재이다. 불교 미술을 전공하며 탑에 대해 개인적으로 관심을 가지던 저자는 본격적으로 이를 연구하게 되면서 자신이 참조했던 자료들에서 많은 부분에 오류가 있음을 발견하고 인도, 파키스탄, 중국을 직접 답사하러 머나먼 여정을 떠난다. 그리고 불교가 시작된 근원지이자 석존의 성지인 인도 유적을 탐사하며 석가모니 부처님의 유골을 봉안한 분묘이자 기념비인 ‘스투파Stupa’라는 새로운 존재를 알게 된다. 스투파는 우리에겐 ‘탑塔’, ‘탑파塔婆’ 등으로 알려져 있다. 저자는 인도 곳곳을 답사하며 스투파의 형태와 기원, 구성 요소 등을 눈으로 담고 사진과 글로 기록하며 직접 인도 불탑의 역사를 다시 정리해 나간다. 『인도 불탑』은 저자가 직접 눈으로 확인하고 기록하며 치열하게 연구한 엄청난 자료들을 추려 500페이지라는 거대한 연구 보고서로 정리한 책이다.

■ 지은이

송봉주

동국대학교대학원 미술학과(불교미술전공)에서 석사 및 박사학위를 받았다. 그 후 동방문화대학원대학교 강사를 역임했으며, 현재 우리나라에 산재한 불탑에 관한 저서를 집필하고 있다. 대표적인 논문으로는 「인도불교석굴과 불탑연구」, 「간다라 불탑의 특징과 변천에 관한 고찰」, 「터키 데린쿠유 석굴교회와 인도 차이티야굴과의 연관성 고찰」, 「안동 법흥사지 칠층전탑에 대한 고찰」 등이 있다.

■ 목차

추천사·················································································· 5

책을 펴내며··········································································· 9

머리말················································································· 17

1장 고대인도印度와 불탑

1. 고대인도와 불교····························································· 30

1) 베다 시대··································································· 33

2) 불교 경전 시대····························································· 37

2. 석존의 열반과 불탑··························································· 39

1) 석존의 장례································································· 41

2) 사리 8분과 10탑 건립 전설·············································· 45

3) 근본 8탑의 소재 및 전설 검증·········································· 50

4) 불탑 이전의 불탑·························································· 60

2장 건축물로서의 불탑

1. 스투파 용어···································································· 68
2. 스투파 기원···································································· 72
3. 스투파 구성요소····························································· 76

1) 기단Medhi, 난간Vedika····················································· 80

2) 탑돌이 통로(Pradakshina patha, 繞道)······························· 81

3) 탑문Torana··································································· 82

4) 복발(Anda, 覆鉢)························································· 83

5) 하르미카(Harmika, 平頭), 탑두부塔頭部······························ 86

6) 상부구조 명칭······························································ 93

4. 스투파 유형···································································· 96

1) 유적Relic 스투파··························································· 97

2) 기념Commemorative 스투파··············································· 97

3) 상징Symbolic 스투파······················································· 98

4) 개체Object 스투파·························································· 98

5) 봉헌Votive 스투파·························································· 99

5. 불탑 축조방식······························································· 100
6. 불탑의 공양(Puja, 供養)과 기능·········································· 106
7. 불교미술과 불탑···························································· 112

1) 불교 조각상의 조성과 의의············································ 114

2) 열반 미술의 탄생························································ 116

3) 호탑신···································································· 118

4) 여성상과 미투나상······················································ 120

8. 불탑 조성과 의미···························································· 124

1) 불탑 조성의 상징적 의미··············································· 124

2) 불탑 조성의 실용적 의미··············································· 128

3장 인도불교 석굴사원

1. 석굴사원의 기원과 전개··················································· 134
2. 석굴사원의 조영···························································· 139

1) 불교석굴·································································· 144

2) 힌두교석굴······························································· 155

3) 자이나교석굴····························································· 165

3. 불교 석굴의 명문銘文······················································· 168
4. 법신사리 신앙의 태동······················································ 174
5. 불교 차이티야굴의 유형··················································· 184

1) 원형 차이티야굴 형식·················································· 189

2) 말발굽형 차이티야굴 형식············································· 198

3) 방형 차이티야굴 형식·················································· 242

4) 승방 부설 차이티야굴 형식··········································· 255

5) 탑당 부설 차이티야굴 형식············································ 259

6) 환조 건물 형식(탑사, 塔寺)··········································· 271

6. 불교 차이티야굴의 변천··················································· 281

1) ‘말발굽형’ 석굴의 변천················································· 283

2) ‘방형’ 석굴의 변천······················································· 289

3) 차이티야굴의 변천 의의··············································· 298

7. 불교 석굴사원의 편년······················································ 302

4장 차이티야굴의 불탑

1. 차이티야굴 불탑의 형식··················································· 322

1) 기본형······································································ 322

2) 층단받침형································································ 324

3) 일산日傘형································································· 326

4) 기단추가형································································ 329

5) 불상ㆍ불감佛龕추가형···················································· 331

6) 환조 건물형 및 노천형·················································· 334

2. 차이티야굴 불탑의 양식 변천············································ 339

1) 복발(Anda, 覆鉢)························································ 340

2) 난간········································································· 343

3) 탑두부 (하르미카와 층단받침, 산간, 일산)························· 349

5장 인도의 불탑

1. 중인도 불탑·································································· 361

1) 마디아 프라데시주Madhya Pradesh····································· 362

2) 우타르 프라데시주Uttar Pradesh와 네팔······························· 365

3) 비하르주Bihar······························································ 371

2. 남인도 불탑·································································· 378
3. 북인도 불탑·································································· 389
4. 동인도ㆍ서인도ㆍ방글라데시 불탑·········································· 393
5. 인도 불탑의 특징···························································· 399

1) 중인도 불탑의 특징······················································ 399

6장 간다라의 불탑

1. 파키스탄 불탑······························································· 413

1) 페샤와르Peshwar 지역···················································· 413

2) 탁실라Taxila 지역························································· 417

3) 스와트Swat 지역·························································· 427

2. 아프가니스탄Afghanistan 불탑············································· 432
3. 중앙아시아 불탑···························································· 438

1) 우즈베키스탄······························································ 438

2) 카자흐스탄Kazakhstan, 키르기스스탄Kyrgyzstan,

타지키스탄Tajikstan 불탑················································ 442

4. 신장웨이우얼新疆維吾爾自治區 불탑······································· 444
5. 간다라 불탑의 특징과 변천··············································· 451

1) 간다라 불탑의 특징······················································ 451

2) 간다라 불탑의 형식······················································ 461

3) 간다라 불탑의 변천······················································ 472

맺음말··············································································· 475

참고문헌············································································ 481

도판목록············································································ 494

표목록··············································································· 499